I think the population that we're dealing with is not very aware of these mechanisms. You need to have a certain level of knowledge to know what's available to you.
Let's take the example of a Venezuelan or Iranian person who, as a foreign national, has come to Canada, claimed asylum and gone through the entire process. They've been found to be a protected person. However, in the process of applying for permanent residency, due to some sort of economic connection to the state.... For example, in the case of an Iranian individual, they may have been forced into a religious school. A lot of those religious schools are considered entities that we would sometimes include under these lists, so, through no fault of their own, that individual could be identified, banned and denied permanent residency.
The legal avenue for them to do anything about it, such as a judicial review, which is.... We have a legal clinic. We have a couple of lawyers, and we try to take on as many cases as we can. A lot of the time we work pro bono, if not almost exclusively pro bono. A $500 or $600 stipend for a lawyer to do 120 hours' worth of work is not reasonable. I don't think it's a reality they can afford. I'll leave those legal questions to my colleagues.
Getting their name off the sanctions list is also a very complicated process. Add to that the fact that our sanctions regime isn't always up to date and always lags behind. I believe we left Eritrea on that list, for example. If they were to try to take their name off the sanctions list, although all of our allies have agreed to take them off the sanctions list.... If we kept them on, they wouldn't be able to do so.
We have a lot of working mechanisms here that aren't up to date. While we include these challenges, relying upon mechanisms that aren't up to date could cause a lot of problems.