I'll give you a brief answer to that, if I may.
To begin with, the whole issue of quality of life and values are not identical. Quality of life is in fact measured scientifically in many of the drug and even non-drug technology trials. There are validated methods of doing that, to see if there is an improvement in quality of life in a particular patient population. Suddenly, values are connected with that, but values as such have never been explicitly discussed to any extent by almost any of these bodies. I think it's only in the last three to four years that this has come up, and the international agencies for health technology assessment are beginning to try to understand where and how values could be introduced.
Then it becomes a methodological sort of question: how do you seek them, how do you elicit them, and from whom do you do this? Part of my research program is to try to incorporate citizen engagement in cancer drug decision-making. We've just received a five-year grant from CIHR to create a new team to do this. So in my view, it's still very early days for us in incorporating values into health care resource allocation decision-making. I don't think we have a great example that we can point out to follow. This is where I think Canada can again take the lead, as it has in the past.