It's true that we can't know exactly how much was paid to recipients or businesses that were ineligible without doing some post-payment verifications. That's why I feel that the CRA should do more checks, because it's the only way to determine whether a recipient or business was eligible.
There were several causes of the backlog. As I mentioned in my opening address, early in the pandemic, the government decided to extend the deadline for submitting personal income tax returns. This government decision was based on information in hand at the time. There is now a legislated deadline that needs to be taken into consideration. To determine whether what was involved was fraud, a deliberate error, or an error made in good faith, steps will have to be taken to establish the reasons before deciding what action has to be taken for recovery.