National Defence committee  In terms of observations of warfare around the world—and in the case of the army, land warfare—we're seeing certain lessons being drawn not only from Ukraine but from earlier conflicts in the region. The predominance of small UASs or unmanned aerial systems is something that not only the army but all three services in CANSOF watch very closely.

National Defence committee  Mr. Chair, I'll go first to answer that question. Within the Canadian army, first and foremost it's signals trades. It's communications, but not only communications: Computer systems trades are distressed. It also includes engineers—not combat engineers, but more the professional engineers who help with our acquisition program and our ability to create capability development in the land domain.

National Defence committee  Thank you for your question. The activities of the Canadian Rangers will not be all that different from what they are today as far as climate change is concerned. We don't anticipate much change in terms of the Rangers' training or equipment. They use their own snowmobiles, boats and all-terrain vehicles.

National Defence committee  Thank you for your question. The Canadian Rangers have three main roles in Canada's Far North. First, they ensure the CAF's presence in local communities. Second, they work with those communities to strengthen their resilience and capacity in response to certain situations. Third, thanks to their knowledge of the local area and its climate, the Rangers support the CAF in the deployment of patrols in those places.

National Defence committee  The Canadian Armed Forces Arctic Training Centre is using a portion of NRCan's continental polar ice shelf program. We use that space periodically throughout the year for activities in Resolute Bay. In Resolute Bay specifically, we are normally focused on training in that March-April time frame when we can use the cold weather at the tail end of winter to do our Arctic exercises.

National Defence committee  With regard to NORAD operations, the Canadian Army is usually a supporting arm of the Canadian Armed Forces in NORAD activities. Perhaps a colleague from CJOC or potentially the commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force could contribute on that. However, you did ask the question, sir, about training activities.

National Defence committee  From the army perspective, it tends to be along the same line. Normally we had a subunit or a company of soldiers and local Rangers, or an aggregate of Ranger patrols from the region of the exercise area. That typically is about 150 soldiers from one of our divisions, and they would come together with those Rangers, who could number up to about two dozen or more.